| 标题 | 曲阜三孔英文导游词 |
| 范文 | 曲阜三孔英文导游词（通用5篇） 曲阜三孔英文导游词 篇1Into the purpose of qianmen quickly into the "heaven", is take the Confucius "DE match heaven and earth" and famous, for dai temple next door, door with built in the emperor song zhenzong and few over two years (AD 1009), the width 5, depth between the three, single eaves jehiel mountain style buildings, inside the original si green dragon, white tiger, rosefinch, xuanwu four stars. On both sides of the original peidian peidian, east as the "three ling hou temple", enshrined in the zhou dynasty about the official Tang Chen, GeYong, tempo, three people. When the emperor song zhenzong dong feng, see three in the worse the man of god, seal for the "three ling hou", then built the temple worship. West as "qiu temple" is enshrined in the tang dynasty "access group, and to serve voluntarily thick raise" the points in Du Zong frenzy. Linked to match went north and south "ringha door" is take "the world belongs to the benevolence" Confucius language meaning and, for the third door, dai yuan dynasty to yuan four years (AD 1338) to create. Building structure and tianmen is similar, inside the 2nd day of the deaf and dumb god, both sides have something goalkeeper. With doors on the west side of the stone tablet 20, is one of the most famous monuments, broadcasting the information "and" few tablet ", double monuments, majestic tall, confrontation, turtle fell therefore, stately, dai temple existing two big stone tablet. Tianmen "Tang Huai courtyard" in the southwest, the original "big countable embrace, the shadow of branches mu xu" Tang Huai, years of the republic of China, fighting BingXian, ancient much, gradually die. In 1952, dai temple host ShangShiLian again small tree in the withered tree stem a strain, and named "Tang Huai brussel. This new tree has become a tree, pond castles peeped, and become a big g dai temple. Tang Huai east of the old delay jubilee temple temple, the scriptures, ring wing pavilion, made yuhua district monastery where, is destroyed by years of the republic of China. In 1984, a new archaize on Tibetan oratory site storage, between 48 in mount taishan in 4000 pieces of precious relics, ancient books of more than 3000 copies. North ringha through my door is covered days of pines seem to the north, I saw a colorful, resplendent and magnificent basilica stands on the big balcony, this is the main architecture of the dai temple, song day Kuang temple. Day Kuang temple, also called China sun temple, founded in north emperor song zhenzong dazhong few over two years (AD 1009). In A.D. 1008, song, liao in alliance (now in henan puyang), emperor song zhenzong though victory over liao army, but no mood to fight again, but signed a humiliating treaty, known as "the union of alliance" in history. Emperor song zhenzong in one's hand in order to pacify the resentment, to consolidate its ruling position, he adopted the deputy prime minister qin-ruo wang engineer zhao book "heaven" scam, leading officials, in the same year October car "gobbledygook" came to mount tai, held a grand thank grace to the gift, and is due to people for day Kuang festival every year in June. Dai li, zhao expansion under the dai temple, and on the basis of the original mount tai temple, built the day Kuang temple. Day Kuang house 43.67 meters long, north and south 17.18 meters wide, 22.3 meters high, the width of nine, four deep, double-hipped roof anise, stone fly up, overlying yellow glazed tile, eaves hung between Kuang temple "song day" JuBian, eight root red MingZhu eaves, with Pope fang and stone, and outside groove have become warped weight the three arch, groove inside the temple roof for four after bucket sunk panel, yu is square flat is the ceiling. The entire hall Luan Lu diego shrugged, diao Liang Caidong, gold paint walls, Dan wall, completed a majestic, although after several dynasty, ancient and remain, with Beijing's Forbidden City hall of supreme harmony, qufu Confucius dacheng hall and three big palatial architecture in ancient China. Into the hall, positive tall statue of "god of mount tai" color is reshaping in 1984, cave is 4.4 meters tall, twelve Liu head crown, wearing dagon's robe, handheld, the board, solemn dignified, vivid, may have a sense of "lifelike, be vividly portrayed. "Taishan" god is a Taoist believe in "god" of a ghost, can dominate the life and death. Was dubbed "day king" in the tang dynasty, song dynasty seal for JiRenSheng Ann "day", when the yuan dynasty and dubbed "dongyue days of qi ShengRen emperor", Ming emperor after he began to reign, and he thinks to taishan seal number is god "to blaspheme the ritual without", therefore, get rid of all titles, renamed "the god of mount tai. Since then, the status of the dai temple is not I, enjoy "dongyue many" reputation. Statue on both sides of the couplets for precise Wu Yun book, "the emperor to the earthquake, life in Yin". Banners is the qing emperor kangxi emperor in 23 years (in 1684 AD in taishan when the topic "town" match day JuBian. Inside the palace with part of the phenomena of Ming and qing era. On the surface of the inside west northeast three "taishan revelation Bi back to process diagram" of the song dynasty painted. Murals total length of 62 meters, 3.3 meters high, picture by picture god in the mighty mount tai grand scene, when the emperor song zhenzong letter east taishan majesty and imposing manner, the whole mural by a hall door, east is "rev Bi figure", depicting the taishan god excursions; west as the "back to the process diagram", depicting the taishan god returned. The whole picture of 697 characters, its appearance and manners are all the same, be auspicious beast mounts, pavilions, mountains and rivers, trees and flowers, etc., of a great, the grand spectacle. Picture a saturated flourish is fluent, structure is rigorous, the layout symmetry nature, character looks vivid and lively, clothing line is clear, lifelike and vivid facial expressions, plus the colour and lustre beautiful coordination, give a person with high aesthetic enjoyment. Temple in ancient times, has been damaged by fire and earthquake, murals have also been affected, as you can see from the mural art processing, mural is redrawn later part of the picture, but the whole picture is basically kept the original face of the song dynasty, it is still in the history of Chinese mural painting, Taoism a picture of a rare art treasures. Days before Kuang temple wide large terrace consists of two layers, railing, standing on the big balcony, is suddenly enlightened. There is a royal pavilion, terrace on each side of emperor qianlong visited dai temple in ShiBei. Ming wanli is among big censer casting. Cooper under the terrace of the clip in the south, is a small square columns at the end of the pool, commonly known as the "pavilion old pool". The emperor held a ceremony to visit mount tai, god princes is welcome here. Pool and around 9 stance is strange taihu Jin Daan first year (AD 1209) with her mother which is offered by the wang, taian county magistrate wu bit. Each stone features, carefully watch the intriguing, a exquisite stone tunnel middle outstanding, called "hula stone". Fuso north stone has an independent order under cooper, called "solitary loyal cypress", tang dynasty female emperor wu zetian doubt its folklore also with secretary Shi Zhong rebellion, then its killed, Shi Zhong ghosts do not come loose, came to dongyue before the emperor wu zetian out of shape, thereby lone cypress. Stones covered her eyes, it is said that the visitors around the hula around the turn three times, then go to touch the other side of the solitary loyal cypress, all to be able to help, is a lot of people. The legend of these rich romance is not credible, but shows the taishan's long history and rich culture, those who write the legend of folk wit, the good and evil of human skillfully in the image of cypress trees, leaves later generations lots of regrets. 曲阜三孔英文导游词 篇2Day Kuang lay behind the surface is after three palace, in the bedroom, width 5, on both sides for the bedroom, among the three, the emperor song zhenzong and few over five years (AD 1012) to seal a letter to the taishan god "day JiRen ShengDi", after considering the need a queen, to facilitate the same seal a "shu next year", and "her" built the temple, from "concubines", live with living quarters. The feudal rulers in order to achieve the goal of "borrow god daughter", "well-meaning, holding the" true. Days of steles Kuang temple on both sides of things, all kinds of stone tablet full of beautiful things in eyes of han stone, taishan ancient steles boutique mostly concentrated in here. These inscriptions almost collection of Chinese calligraphy, after jin dynasty "two Kings", the song dynasty "four everybody", grass nationalities of, style available; YanLiu zhao, style each different, there are seven big fellow tablet "HengFang tablet", "zhang moved tablet"; One of the three largest monument in jin dynasty "lady tablet"; The shape is novel, calligraphy otherness "double beam tablet"; Mount tai buddhist name tablet notebook "datang JiZhou ShenBao temple monument", such as a total of 19 pieces, all has the very high historical value of cultural relics and calligraphy art value. Display of 48 pieces of han stone in the west gallery is since 1960, several cleaning dawenkou and old county east han tomb stone set. The han stone, rich in content, range, some reflect the horses and chariots, travel, dancing to acrobatics and other social life; Some describe fairy tales; Also has the reflection of historical figures, neat picture design, modelling is vivid, on the carving techniques, the traditional Chinese painting line with engraved, embossed with an organic whole, manifests the like forthright grandeur of the plain, characteristic, is the study of ancient Chinese culture important materials for art and social life of the eastern han dynasty. Out of the attic, door knob spirit is "opzoon". In the original "bean ling temple", was destroyed by years of the republic of China. In the courtyard, branches, five tall cooper if a kind of dragon PAM, legend has it for the first year of emperor in yuan seal (110 BC), when I mount tai has more than two thousand years ago, "opzoon" hence the name. Yuan's north "han pavilion" is 1959 in the house built on the oberoi, bean spirit pavilion built on three layers tall stone stylobate, very spectacular. Stylobate wall Mosaic qianlong fifty-nine years (AD 1749 years) who taian magistrate of a county scale book by du fu's "hope? Gt; > and" qiu xing "and so on famous poems carved. The pavilion looked around the moon and sky cloud, width of otimista chest, dai panoramic view, panoramic view of whole city. Opzoon nosocomial stone tablet line, approximates to 90 pieces. There are descendants of the official script of han dynasty, four sorrow poems's friends "up", have the posterity the seal character of luji "mount tai Yin", "mount tai Yin" and the song dynasty calligrapher of xie lingyun MiFei Chen Changyan, "the first mountain", Ming chongzhen years ZuoPeiXuan topic of "opzoon figure praise", emperor qianlong drive makes the opzoon diagram and contemporary ink many celebrities. Place oneself in the forest of steles is like reading a history of China, the benefit of the influence of the nation, will leave every serious watching endless thinking. By opzoon courtyard to the north, through the quiet little garden into the courtyard of a small and exquisite. This is the place where the ancient imperial sacrifices mount tai when living, because is located within the DongHuaMen, therefore calls "east the throne". Its building for yuan to is seven years (AD 1347), Ming said welcome don, qianlong 35 years (1770 years) renamed in the pavilion. East the throne by the Great Wall flower door, door, door, main hall, and wing, hospital construction, green, quiet quiet and tastefully laid out, give a person the sense with super world white. Five main hall high above the stylobate, inside the set for recovery, qing qianlong emperor la people like, pier dragon, dragon, clothes closet, red sandalwood furniture such as a square table and all kinds of marble grain and golden rust ancient ceramic wall hanging and four treasures of the study. The famous "cold jade flower, the", "aloes lion" and "yellow orchid porcelain bottle gourd" twenty-seventh year is qianlong, 36 years worship offerings when tai shan, said Tarzan "sanbao town mountain". Doors and temple, dressed in ancient costume in the qing dynasty's "guardian", "palace" to the qing court etiquette to greet visitors, make visitors like back to ancient times, to extrapolate. Palace stylobate under a stone, with a glass cover, this is the famous Chinese and foreign famous "the father of sharpening" qin sharpening. The taishan burring qin qin shihuang merit inscription engraved letters and qin ii, write to prime minister lisi. His seal script with economical fair instead of minor stroke numerous fat at the time, the handwriting stiffness tall and straight, swept away many fat stay qi, inscriptions, a total of 222 words, gradually disappear, after the Ming jiajing years still remaining 29 words, the original made in DaiDing herself beside the pool, after vicissitudes sink, a few times again, today only 10 residue left word, complete is seven. Is a rare treasure, is listed as a national level cultural relics. Out of the bedroom, north of dai last into the yard. Something inside two garden all sorts of miniascape of various, within sight of the art to reproduce the taishan one content, fragrant flowers. On the southwest of west tower cast established twelve years (AD 1533), a former level 13, now the only remaining level 3, plain modelling, still do not break the elegant demeanour, and to the southeast of tower confrontation stylobate copper pavilion, also called "jin que", for the whole copper casting, imitation wood, 4.4 meters high, 3.4, Ming wanli 43 years (AD 1615) casting in DaiDing azure clouds temple, built to consecrate jade xia yuan jun. Move to the mountain spirit should be between Ming dynasty and early qing palace, in dai temple in 1972, is the present domestic only one of the three largest copper pavilion. "Thick door" was the last of the dai temple gate, was rebuilt in 1984. On the door has "looked YueGe" three rooms, Huang Wa Ming gallery, andalusite partition board, Joan pavilion is like air. Standing on the court looked to adai yue high precision, castle peak around the white clouds, green trees and the light smoke, tianmen ladder like flying floating hang them knowing you can't have them. The thick red doors north behavior way, near the temple street is the starting point of the mountaineering, the gate of mount tai, climbing mt.tai.taibin starting from this, of a politician will see the best scenery in mount taishan, until the "day". 曲阜三孔英文导游词 篇3Ladies and gentlemen: Now we are going to visit the ancient art museum, dai temple. Dai temple, used to be called "east", also called tai temple, the main realms of the spirit of "mount tai", also is the ancient emperors to taishan I tell the living and held a grand ceremony. Dai temple created a long history, the western han dynasty historical beginning of "namely domain, qin han palace" up. Tang opened far thirteen years (AD 725), amended Song Xiangfu two years (AD 1009) and on a large scale expansion, after the jin, yuan, Ming and qing dynasties billiton, gradually formed a large-scale buildings. Dai temple in downtown Tai’an City north, just old Thai city in the south gate, north DaiDing the worse on the central axis. North and south 405.7 meters long, 236.7 meters wide, was rectangular, covers an area of 96000 square meters. Dai temple architecture, in the form of the vertical and horizontal sides extension in ancient China, the overall layout to the north and the longitudinal axis, divided into the east, three axis of Chinese and western. East before and after the axis opzoon courtyard, east the throne, garden; Before and after the west axis have Tang Huai courtyard, ring wing pavilion court, made yuhua district monastery where; Axial qianmen, tianmen, ringha door, day after Kuang temple, living quarters, thick door. Subject construction of song day Kuang temple is located in the latter half of the dai temple in the crests stylobate, other building is located in the center courtyard outside, independent of each other, have immanent connection again. The building layout is according to the needs of religious and miyagi pattern design, formation of partition and bright, primary and secondary order, the unique style of of primitive simplicity, and through the changes of architectural space, in a solemn, solemn and deep, the mutual infiltration of park set each other off becomes an interest, in full. Temple towering temple and high into the clouds in the worse, give a person with beautiful feeling of mount tai. Dai temple city high castle built, Zhou Changsan li, three zhangs, around eight door, to the nankai five, for qianmen, left for the east yi door, then left, Yang halls; For west yi door, right and then right name; see the door Qingyang door in the name of the east, also called DongHuaMen; In the name of the element view door to the west, also called xihua gate; North lu pursuit in the name of the door, also called thick door. Each gate tower, dai temple in the four corner respectively with xun, gen, dried, publication turrets, the whole building magnificent, majestic, like a seat in the imperial palace of the emperor. Is dai temple, mount tai to the largest concentration of cultural relics. Here preserved the imperial sacrifices to full of beautiful things in the history of the phenomena of the god of mount tai, gifts, handicrafts, also has a flashing huaxia civilization guanghua taishan unearthed relics and the revolutionary historical relics, and save a lot of taishan classics and Taoism. More precious and 184 pieces of ancient steles and 48 pieces of han stone, become our country the third after xi 'an, qufu the forest of steles. Dai temple, it is a feast for the eyes of classical gardens. A kind of dragon PAM spin cooper, cover the ginkgo, exquisite exquisite bonsai, bright flowers, and for the booth of of primitive simplicity and elegant, table, floor, ge added ten thousand kinds of amorous feelings of coquetry. Dai temple, the picturesque scenery, attracts many Chinese and foreign tourists. Solemn and majestic dai temple, temple, cultural relic. Here every building embodies the Chinese ancient architectural art style, each piece reflects the civilization development of mount tai. Stroll in the art world, lifting eyes, raised his hand and touched the are national treasures, make the viewer power capacity, makes visitors sigh with emotion. Wei dai temple, is a fusion architecture, landscape, sculpture, painting and traditional Chinese ancient art museum. Now, we went to the place called "remote pavilion" refs. It is located in the middle of Tai’an City area, north song tong Yin, is located in the dai temple outside the qianmen, vestibular is dai temple, to enter the rudiments of dai temple. Whenever the ancient emperors held to taishan fiesta, visits by simple ceremony here first, for taishan the piety of god. Therefore, in ancient times is also called "grass and pavilion". Ming jiajing thirteen years (AD 1534), shandong lu via become deputy political suggestion, before he left to "remote pavilion", have been extended ever since. Remote and TingMen outside the remote and fang is qianlong 35 years (AD 1770) to create, so far intact. Otherwise the pole high vertical, about iron lion crouching columns. Fang south "double order", the qing guangxu six years (AD 1880) to start building, square assembled, the queen mother pool of water, surrounded by dai temple into the pool. Because of pool in the northwest, southeast corner have a stone in and out of the water tap the name. Fanaw is tong Yin, make the person one gate into Thai south of the city is surrounded by mystery, "heaven" solemn atmosphere. Pool of the north China plate inscribed with "lue tianchi" four words. In 1992, in the pool with white marble columns, carve patterns or designs on woodwork perimeter of 63 meters, in order to protect the cultural relics. Has qing dynasty stone columns in the east and two-way, has "jinan May 30th massacre memorial" on the north and northwest edge with ancient one, legend of the tang dynasty rooted, up to now, branches and leaves bushiness is green and luxuriant.. Around double the order for a small square, surrounded by ancient buildings, form a beautiful picture. Remote pavilion for pavilion type compound, 52 meters wide from east to west, north and south 66.2 meters long, with a total area of 3442.4 square meters. Main hall 5, built in the center of the courtyard rectangle above the stylobate, 10.8 meters wide, 7.75 meters deep, Lao 7.9 meters, five to four column beam, nine ridge eaves jehiel mountain type, Huang Wa coping. In the qing dynasty Ceng Sibi xia yuan jun. On both sides of things peidian peidian all intermediate. Remote pavilion is a set of independent buildings, but with the dai temple on the connotation and unified, because of its existence, the dai temple solemn and mysterious atmosphere foil more strong. This is both independent and unified style, not only in the mountains, is rare in existing ancient buildings in China. Remote and pavilion in the tang dynasty once called "remote", folk have "to visit mount tai, god worship first remote door ginseng". When you visit the dai temple, also should first start from remote and kiosks. Through the remote pavilion, the "dai fang" of the head is eleven years (AD 1672), shandong province, the qing emperor kangxi originally create day origin. Fang 12 meters high, 9.8 meters wide, 3 meters deep, and three to four column type. Three lane, heavy beam four-column brick reliefs. Circulation before and after the four pillars have eight stone lions on pier, different posture; Heavy beam four pillars engraved with "red phoenix in morning chaoyang", "praised", "group of cranes make lotus", "imagination" and so on more than 20 group of auspicious image lifelike birds benevolent and all kinds of flower pattern. The entire Shi Fang chic modelling, KeLou through fine, as in the qing dynasty stone carving art treasures. South lane column with couplets on the both sides of north and south of shi day by "big pole in the day, great body KangSheng everything; the emperor to shock, HeSheng zhuo ling town east". North of qing dynasty in shandong to the governor, the ministry of war assistant minister Zhao Xiangxing problem "for the system of yue, the nations in the pursuit of wei DE He Keshang; mixed group of spirit of regent, kyushu on roaming on work which is in Beijing?" . Two deputy couplet gripping, synthetic-aperture, puts Tarzan's lofty status and prominent map made high-level overview of god in mount taishan, make a person not into dai and admiration of love. The dai temple, see toward the tall broad "qianmen", is the main entrance into the dai temple, two big red door, is a symbol of the dignity of the dai temple, ancient times can only from the door into the emperor. The years Cuo tuo, to the eve of liberation, qianmen cracks have is full of stains or spots, the door at the top of the tower is also in the rain or blown away by the history. Now the qianmen is 1985 built according to the song dynasty architectural style. Door 8.6 meters high, the tower above 11 meters high, a total of five and nine single eaves jehiel mountain ridge, 24 MingZhu root, and it's all round Mosaic Ling isolation, overlying yellow glazed tile, eaves stone out of the four three, black ink dot gold coloured drawing or pattern, the forehead Fang Jinlong flying, from a distance become warped eaves wing, pian-pian wants to fly. 曲阜三孔英文导游词 篇4新中国成立后,特别是党的十一届三中全会以来,中国共产党第十一届中央委员会,党和国家领导人非常关注曲阜的文物和古迹,和国家分配超过3000万元的综合修复“三孔”。近年来,为了大力发展旅游业,曲阜先后开发并建造了一个新的旅游景点,如孔子六艺术城市,《论语》中柱花园,繁荣的华夏文化的城市,形成了一个人文和自然景观,将旧的和新的景点,反映出旅游资源的新模式,成为文化旅游景点,中国和外国游客渴望。 孔庙的第一个石头广场叫做“金生玉镇广场”。孟子曾经这样评价孔子。他说:“孔子被称为大师，大师，金嗓子，玉振。”“金声玉振”指的是演奏音乐的全过程，从敲钟开始，到敲石结束，是孔子对古代圣贤和圣贤的伟大成就的隐喻。在石头广场上方的莲花宝座上，有一只独角兽，名叫“辟邪”或“怒吼” 曲阜三孔英文导游词 篇5女士们、先生们：你们好! 欢迎来到曲阜。曲阜是我国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家孔子的故乡，全国首批公布的24个历史文化名城之一。孔子有句名言：“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。”今天，我有幸为各位担任导游，十分高兴。我将尽力为大家提供满意的服务，不足之处，请批评指正。 曲阜概况 在参观“三孔”之前，请允许我把曲阜概况介绍一下： 曲阜地处鲁中山区和鲁西南平原的交界处，北依泰山，南引峄山，东连沂蒙群山，西俯千畴平原。地势东高西低，境内泗河、沂河等河流均自东向西流淌，自古就有“圣人门前倒流水”之说。物产丰富，景色宜人。大诗人李白曾描写曲阜：“笑夸故人指绝境，山光水色青如兰”。 曲阜历史悠久，早在五六千年前，我们的祖先就在这里繁衍生息，创造了人类早期的文明。不少古籍中，还有炎帝、少吴徙都于曲阜，黄帝生于寿丘(曲阜城东8里处)，舜于寿丘作什器的记载。可见，中国远古时代最有影响的三皇五帝中就有四人在曲阜留下了踪迹。尽管这是传说，但也并不是毫无根据的。从境内保存下来的 20余处大汶口文化和龙山文化遗址中仍可见到我们的祖先征服自然的遗迹。 “曲阜”一名最早见于礼记>>。东汉应劭解释说：“鲁城东有阜，委曲长七八里，故名曲阜。”商代前期，曲阜名奄，是商王朝的重要属国。周代自“封周公于曲阜”800余年，曲阜为鲁国都城，是当时我国一个重要的政治、经济、文化中心。春秋时期，孔子首创私人讲学之风，“弟子三千，贤者七十有二”遍及全国各地，又成了当时的教育中心。鲁国是曲阜历史上的黄金时期，以“礼仪之邦”著称于世，故山东省现仍沿用“鲁”作为简称。公元前 249年，楚灭鲁，置鲁县，秦代属薛郡，西汉时为鲁国都，魏晋南北朝时为鲁郡治。隋开皇十六年(596年)，首定曲阜为县名。宋代改称仙源县，金代恢复曲阜县名至今。 1986年撤县制，始称曲阜市。现面积为890平方公里，人口60余万。悠久的历史，灿烂的文化，给曲阜留下了大量的文物古迹，主要的有110余处，其中孔庙、孔府、孔林及鲁国故城遗址被列为全国首批公布的重点文物保护单位，另有11处列为全省重要文物保护单位。“三孔”还于1994年被联合国列为世界文化遗产。 新中国建立后，特别是党的十一届三中全会以来，党和国家领导人对曲阜的文物古迹十分关注，国家先后拨款3000多万元对“三孔”进行了全面修茸。近年来，为了大力发展旅游事业，曲阜又相继开发建设了孔子六艺城、论语碑苑、鲁国盛世华夏文化城等一批新的旅游景点，形成人文与自然景观，新老景点浑然一体，相映生辉的旅游资源新格局，成为中外游人向往的文化旅游胜地。 孔庙的第一座石坊叫“金声玉振坊”。孟子对孔子曾有过这样的评价，他说：“孔子之谓集大成，集大成者，金声而玉振之也”。“金声、玉振”表示奏乐的全过程，以击钟开始，以击磐告终，比喻孔子的思想集古圣先贤之大成。石坊上面莲花宝座上各刻有一个独角怪兽称“辟邪”，也叫“朝天吼”，这是封建社会王爵府第才可使用的饰物。 孔庙第一道门叫“棂星门”。“棂星”又名天田星，古人祭天，先要祭棂星。“棂星门”三个字为乾隆所书。“太和元气”坊同“金声玉振”坊差不多，题字为明代山东巡抚曾铣手书，赞颂孔子思想如同天地生育万物。此院东西各有一座腰门，东边上书“德侔天地一样大，他的学说古今来说都是最好的”。这座门叫“圣时门”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可测之感。“圣时”二字，取<<孟子.万章下>>，“孔子，圣之时者也”句，意思是说，在圣人之中，孔子是最适合时代者。 过圣时门迎面小石桥，叫“璧水桥”，桥两侧偏南各有一座门，东门叫“快睹门”，是先睹为快的意思，西门叫“仰高门”赞颂孔子的学问十分高深。我们进入的大门，称“弘道门”，这三个字取自<<论语.卫星公>>“人能弘道”的句子，以此来赞颂孔子阐发了尧舜汤和文武周公之“道”。这道门也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)时孔庙的大门。再往后是“大中门”，大中门是宋朝时期孔庙的大门，原名叫“宫和门”，字的意思与孔子中庸之道的主张有关，由此门向南望去，一方面可以看到孔庙的历史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔庙的不断扩大，这些建筑既有清代建筑，也有明代建筑，还有宋代建筑，它们建的时代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，构成一体。看孔庙建筑，同时可以看到一部分中国封建社会的发展史。 这块碑立于明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它为明宪宗朱见深所立，碑高6米，宽2米多。这块碑的特点是书法精湛，著称于世，并且碑文用论辩形式写成，在极力推崇孔子方面，可以说是之最。大家请看右上角，那上面写道：“联惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可无焉”，又说：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暂缺”。这碑下面的动物不是乌龟，叫，是龙的儿子，特别能负重，所以用来驮碑，有句话讲“龙生九子不成龙”，在孔庙内，龙和龙的9个儿子，你都可以看到，当地的老百姓常来这里抚摸这，他们说：“摸摸的头，一辈子不犯愁，摸摸的腚，一辈子不生病”。 我们面前的这座木结构建筑名叫“奎文阁”，原是孔庙的藏书楼。“奎星”为二十八星宿之一，有星十六颗，“屈曲相钩，似文字之画”，后来人们把它演化为文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又称“历代文官主”。这座楼阁高23.35米，阔30.1米，深17.62米，三重飞檐，四层斗拱，构造坚固而且合理，康熙年间曲阜曾有过一次大地震，“人间房屋倾者九，存者一”，而奎文阁却傲然屹立，安然无恙，由此可见我国古代劳动人民的聪明智慧和高超的建筑艺术。 我们现在进入孔庙的第六进院落，展现在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南边8座，北边5座。亭内保存着唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多为皇帝对孔子的追谥加封、拜庙亲祭、整修庙宇的纪录，用汉文、八思巴文、满文等刻成。此排中间的这座碑，重约65吨，采自北京的西山，在当时，将如此重量的石碑从千里之外，跋山涉水，运至曲阜，不能不说是一个奇迹。此院东、西各有一门，是孔庙第三道腰门，为“东华门、西华门”。 我们现在进入大成门，“大成门”是指今天下之大成，这一排共有5门并列，最西边为启圣门，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成门，又有“金声门、玉振门”相佐，中路为孔庙最中心的地方，东为承圣门，原为孔子故居。 大家知道，孔子是伟大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我们认为，孔子首先是个教育家，他是中国第一位老师，封建皇帝封他为“至圣先师”“万世师表”，应当说，他是全人类的老师，是名符其实的“人类灵魂工程师”。我们面前的“杏坛”，相传是当年孔子设坛讲学的地方，金代建亭作以纪念，著名文人党怀英书“杏坛”二字。坛侧有棵杏树，为后人所栽，每当初春时节，红花绽开，绿叶摇曳。所以乾隆皇帝来朝拜时，曾赋诗赞之，诗曰：重来又值籼开时，几树东风簇绛枝，岂是人间凡卉比，文明终古共春熙。 矗立在我们面前的大殿就是名扬天下的“大成殿”，它是中国的“三大殿”之一，与北京故宫的“太和殿”，泰山岱庙的“天贶殿”齐名，其雄伟壮丽有过之而无不及。殿高24.8米，阔45.78米，深24.8米，雕梁画栋，金壁辉煌，特别是周围28根石柱，为世界文化瑰宝，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根为深浮雕，每柱二龙戏珠，盘绕升腾，栩栩如生，刀法刚劲有力，各具变化。过去皇帝来了，都是将此柱用黄布围裹。他们若看见恐怕也会自惭不如。两侧及后廊的龙柱为浅浮雕，每柱72条龙，总共1296条。大成殿内供奉着孔子塑像，两侧为四配，东西是复圣颜回、述圣孔及，西面是宗圣曾参和亚圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我们都在这里举行盛大的国际孔子文化节和孔子诞辰纪念仪式，表演大型祭孔乐舞和“箫韶乐舞”，举行丰富多彩的文化、旅游活动，欢迎各位到时光临。 大成殿两侧的绿瓦长廊叫两半岛，共有80间房屋，是后世供奉先贤先儒的地方，在唐朝受供奉的只有20余人，到了民国多达156人，这些配享原为画像，金时改为塑像，明代改为木制牌位，文革期间被拆掉。现在两廊中主要存放汉画像石刻和著名古碑。最珍贵的是汉魏六朝石刻22块，如“五凤”“礼器”“乙瑛”“孔庙”“史晨”“张猛龙”碑等，都为国家级石碑，被视为书法艺术的极品，价值连城的瑰宝。最北面的两庑中，珍藏着584块石碑，叫“玉虹楼”法贴，是孔子68代孙孔继涑收集了历代著名书法家的手迹慕刻而成，具有极高的艺术价值。 寝殿是供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的专祠。圣迹殿是明万历年间，根据司马迁<<史记.孔子世家>>编绘刻石的连环画，共有120幅。这是我国第一部有完整人物故事的连环画。 我们现在的位置是孔庙东路，这里当年为孔子故宅，这口水井为“孔子故宅井”，是当年孔子饮水之井，后人称为“圣水”。亭内的碑有乾隆“饮水拜师”和“故宅井赞”，乾隆8次来曲阜，竟有他5次题字。后面这座红色墙壁叫“鲁壁”，在秦始皇焚书坑儒时，孔子9世孙孔鲋把<<论语>>等经典藏在此壁内，墙壁倒塌后被人发现，孔子经典方才留传于世。 这座殿堂叫“诗礼堂”，是当年孔子教儿子学诗学礼的地方，堂前有两棵宋代银杏树，当初孔府曾用这棵树的果实做菜，名叫“诗礼银杏”大家在品尝孔府菜时，千万不要忘了点这道菜，因为此菜的出处就在这个地方。 孔庙是一个巨大的文化博物馆，我们匆匆看一次，只可窥见一斑。不能观其全貌，尤其是不能会其神韵，那就留待各位以后再来时细细品味吧。下面我们参观孔府。 孔府即“衍圣公府”，也是世界文化遗产之一，全国重点文物保护单位。孔府大门与孔庙仅一墙之隔。孔府共占地240亩，有厅、堂、楼、房463间，在路布局，九进院落，东路为“东学”，西路为“西学”供游人游览的主要是中路。 “衍圣公”是北宋至和二年(公元1055年)宋仁宗赐给孔子46代孙孔宗愿的封号，这一封号子孙相继，整整袭封了32代，历时880多年。远在这封号之前，自西汉以后，历代封建王朝就给予孔子后代众多封赐，汉代曾封孔子后代为“奉礼君”“关内候”，魏晋南北朝又封“宗圣候、崇圣大夫”;唐朝封“文宣公”;宋代封“衍圣公”，到民国孔子77代孔德成时，改称“奉礼官”。“衍圣公”是我国封建社会享有特权的大贵族，被称为“天下第一家”，在明代，不仅班列群官之上，还特许在紫禁城骑马等。孔子的嫡系长支大多住在孔府，一直到1948年孔子77代孙孔德成离开曲阜，迁至中国台湾。 孔府大门上方高悬蓝底金字“圣府”二字。有趣的是门两边这幅对联：上联是“与国咸休安富尊荣公府第”，“富”字缺上面一“点”，寓“富不到顶”，下联为“同天并老文章道德圣人家”，“章”字一竖直通“立字”，寓“文章通天”。“与国咸休”“同天并老”，这是多大的气派! 孔府二门里，这座独具风格的门叫“恩赐重光门”，过去只有帝王大典、迎接“圣旨”时，此门才在13声炮声中徐徐启开，此门又称“仪门”或“塞门”。过去，一般官宦人家是不允许建的，只有封爵的邦君才能有其殊荣。 这个院子两侧的厅房，各挂有一个牌子，是孔府仿照建王朝六部而设的六厅，即管色厅、百户厅、典籍厅、司乐厅、知印厅、掌书厅。 孔府“大堂”，是“衍圣公”宣读圣旨、接见官员、审理重大案件，举行重大仪式的地方。正中太师椅上，披铺斑斓虎皮，长桌上置文房四宝、印章令箭，两旁摆满各种兵器、更鼓、云牌、龙旗、官衔木牌，象征着孔府的种种特权，甚是威严。 二堂，也叫后厅，是当年衍圣公会见四品以上官员的地方，里面的石碑和牌匾是清朝光绪、慈祥太后等封赐给衍圣公及夫人的。二堂东边为启事厅，为正四品官，负责上传下达，西边为伴官厅，为正七品，据说，过去官员赴京朝拜天子，一般只允许一主两伴，而只有“衍圣公”可以一主四伴。 三堂，也叫退厅，也是衍圣公私设公堂，处理家庭内部事务的场所。以上三个大堂，层层叠进，很是森严，足显出孔府的圣威和显赫。 三堂过后，我们进入“内宅”，在过去，内宅绝对不许擅入，有皇帝赐给的虎尾棍、燕翅镗、金头玉棍，由十几人轮流把守，有不遵令入内者，“打死勿论”。内宅门西边这个水槽叫石流，过去挑水夫不得进入内宅，只把水倒进石流，淌入内宅。 内宅门的内壁上画着一个形似麒麟的动物，叫“贪”，是传说中的贪婪之兽，能吞下金银财宝，你看它连八仙的宝物都吃掉了，还要去吃太阳。据说当年“衍圣公”出门时，都要驻足观看此画，并有人喊“过贪门”，以戒要清正廉洁，不要贪脏枉法。这对于我们现在的官员和“公仆”们，是不是也有借鉴和启发呢? 这是前上房，有正厅7间，是孔府主人接待至亲和朋友的地方，当年孔府戏班在此演戏，东侧间有乾隆皇帝送给孔府的荆根床，桌上有同治皇帝圣旨原件，中间是404件满汉全席餐具，菜多达196道，可想孔府菜之丰盛。西里间，为衍圣公签阅文件之处。 前堂楼是七间二层楼阁，富丽堂皇，室内陈设布置，全为当年原貌，内有珍奇书画墨宝、古玩衣冠，里套间为孔子后代孔令贻夫人陶氏卧室，这是孔德成先生的生母，至今尚有她的照片，她原是孔府丫环，后被纳妾，生下孔德成，但被陶氏害死。西套间是孔令贻另一夫人丰氏的卧室，此人一生无声无息，27岁就死去了。 这个院子是后堂楼，各有配楼三间，后堂楼是孔德成先生当年结婚的地方，堂中陈列着当年结婚的用品和名人赠送的礼品和题字。孔德成结婚时，正值西安事变期间，本来蒋介石先生要亲自参加婚礼，但遭到抗日将领张学良、杨虎成的逮捕，自然，他也就不能参加这最后一代衍圣公的隆重婚礼了。 我们现在参观孔府后花园，它建于明弘治20xx年(公元1520xx年),由吏部尚书太子太傅,也是孔子62代孙衍圣公孔闻韶的亲家李东阳设计监工建造的,到了明嘉靖年间,太子太傅、吏部尚书、当朝权臣严嵩又助修建，严嵩的孙女嫁给了孔子64代衍圣公孔尚贤为一品夫人。到了清代，乾隆将自己的女儿嫁给了72代衍圣公孔宪培，又为修建孔府花园大动土木，经过前后三次大修，花园成了现在的规模，面积比北京故宫的花园还要大些。这里面有各种奇花异草，古树名石如“五柏抱槐”“太湖石假山”等，请各位随意观赏一下。 孔府存有大量无比珍贵的文物，尤其是十余万卷孔府档案，更是稀世文物，为了保护这些文物，在李瑞环同志特此下，拨款修建了孔府档案馆，现在，这些文物和档案得到了很好的保存。 各位朋友，刚才我们看了祭祀孔子的庙宇，看了孔子后代居住的府第孔府，下边我们参观埋葬孔子以及孔子后代的基地孔林。 孔 林 孔林，是孔子及其家庭的专用墓地，也是世界上延时最久、规模最大的家庭墓地，位于曲阜城北泗水之上，占地三千余亩，周围垣墙高3米，厚1.5米，长 14.5华里。在这里既可考春秋之葬，证秦汉之墓，又可研究我国历代政治、经济、文化的发展和丧葬风俗的演变历史。孔林也是目前我国最大的人造园林。相传孔子死后，“弟子各以四方奇木来植，故多异树”。林内有各种树木10万多株，数百种植物。在万木掩映之中，碑石林立，石像成群，除一批著名的汉碑移入孔庙保护外，林内尚有唐、宋、金、元、明、清各代石碑3600多块，又称得上名副其实的碑林。过去墓地的“风水”，被孔子的后代视作“命根子”。例如，清光绪三十年()，勘测津浦铁路时，原计划经过曲阜，离孔林西墙很近。当时的衍圣公孔令贻得此消息十分着急，向朝廷连递几件呈文，说铁路将“震动圣墓”，“破坏圣脉”，使祖宗灵魂不得安宁。结果铁路到曲阜拐了个大弯，向西南绕行。如果没有这档子事，现在人们坐火车到曲阜游览，就不用先到兖州下车，然后改乘汽车了。 大门孔林大门始建于明代，清代重修 。进入孔林大门是一条长约1华里的甬道，迎面高大的门楼叫“观楼”，俗称“二林门”。此门原是古鲁国城北门。大门到二门这一段，是孔林前突出的部分，类似古代城市建筑的月城。 孔尚任墓位于孔林东北隅，墓碑上书“奉直大夫户部广东清吏司员外郎东塘先生之墓”，即是孔尚任墓。孔尚任(1648--1720xx年)，字聘之，号东塘，自称云亭山人，是孔子第六十四代孙，我国清初著名剧作家，其代表作是桃花扇>>。他出生书香门弟，因屡试不第，中年隐居曲阜石门山。康熙二十三年(1684年)，康熙皇帝来曲阜祭孔时，他被孔府推荐为引驾官，并给皇帝讲经，深得褒奖，破格提升为国子监博士。赴京任职期间曾到淮杨一带治河，通过吊古迹，访隐士，搜集野史逸闻，对南明王朝的覆灭经过有了深切的感受。回京后曾任户部主事，员外郎等职。 公余致力于戏曲创作。1699年，昆曲名剧桃花扇>>传奇脱稿。王公显贵争相传抄，戏班竞相演唱，一时轰动京城。该剧以名士候方域与名妓李香君的爱情故事为主线，广泛而深刻地反映了南明王朝灭亡的历史。次年孔尚任却被罢官回乡，死后葬于此。他一生著述甚丰，另有诗文《石门山集》、《湖海集》、《岸堂文集》等。 于氏坊位于孔林北侧，是孔子七十二代孙、衍圣公孔宪培与其妻于氏之墓。于氏原是清乾隆皇帝的女儿，那么为什么改姓于又嫁到孔府的呢?这里还有段小故事。据说乾隆的女儿脸上有块黑痣，相术说，这块痣主灾，破灾的唯一办法是将她嫁给一个有福的人。朝里大臣们议论，天下只有孔圣人的后代最有福。但是当时是满族统治，按规定满汉不能通婚。于是有人给皇帝出主意将女儿认汉族大臣、户部尚书于敏忠为义父，这样以于家的名义嫁到孔府。于氏死后，孔府为其立了这座“鸾音褒德”牌坊。 洙水桥孔林二门内有一条东西横穿的小河，名曰：“洙水河”，因流经孔子墓前，与“圣脉”攸关，故被后世誉为“灵源无穷，宜与天地共长久”的“圣水”。 洙水本是古代的一条河流，与泗水并称为“洙泗”，后来成为孟子发祥地的代称。古洙水早已湮没。河上有桥三座，左右皆为平桥，中间的一座拱桥在孔子墓前，名曰：“洙水桥”。 孔子墓甬道洙水桥北迎面绿瓦三楹的高台大门，叫“档墓门”。过此门即是孔子墓甬道。甬道有四对巨型石雕，名曰：华表、文豹、角端、翁仲。华表又称“望柱”，是进“天门”的标志。文豹形象似豹，腋下喷火，温顺善良。角端传说日行一万八千里，通四方语言，明外方幽远之事。文豹、角端都是想象中的怪兽。翁仲，传说为秦代骁将，威震边塞，后为对称，雕文、武两像，用以守墓。甬道尽头大殿是祭祀孔子设香坛的享殿。解放战争时，朱德总司令曾在此召开过军事会议，所以又成为革命历史文物。 孔子墓享殿之后红色的墙院内就是孔子及其儿、孙三代的墓地。 孔子墓似一隆起的马背，称“马鬣封”，是一种特殊尊贵的筑墓形式。墓前石碑篆刻“大成至圣文宣王墓” 是明正统八年(1443年)黄养正书。孔子于公元前479年去世，当时鲁国国君称他为“尼父”。这是有别于封号的最尊贵的称号。孔子有封号始于公元元年，汉平帝追封孔子为公爵，称“褒成宣尼公”。此后帝王纷纷给孔子封号，至唐开元二十七年(739年)唐玄宗李隆基给孔子谥号“文宣”，始称“文宣王”。到元武帝于大德十一年(1020xx年)加封为“大成至圣文宣王”后又称“至圣先师”、“大成至圣先师”等等。历代王朝都为孔子的封号选择了最高的赞誉之词，可见孔子思想学说，对历代统治是何等重要。 孔子墓东为其子孔鲤墓，南为其孙孔伋墓。这种墓葬布局为“携子抱孙”以示人衍兴旺。 孔鲤墓 孔子的儿子孔鲤，一生无大作为，年50岁先孔子去世。但因系“圣人”之 子，故被宋徽宗封为“泗水侯”。 子贡庐墓处孔子墓西三间房屋为子贡庐墓处。子贡，复姓端木，名赐，字子贡，是孔子得意门生之一，也是孔子弟子中善于经商的学生。孔子死后，众弟子为孔子守墓三年，相诀而去，独子贡在此又守三年。后人为纪念此事，建屋三间，立碑一座，题为“子贡庐墓处”。 孔伋墓孔子的孙子孔(前483--前420xx年)，是我国战国时期著名的哲学家和思想家，孔子在世时，孔伋尚年幼。孔子死后，孔伋拜曾子为师。曾子，姓曾，名参，是孔子的得意门生，继承了孔子学说的真谛，并传授给孔伋。曾子著有大学>>等书。据记载论语> >也是以曾子的教学讲义为蓝本，由他的门人弟子编辑而成。孔伋潜心研究孔子学说，著成中庸>>一书。孔伋的学生又把孔子思想学说传给孟子，孟子上承孔子之学，著成孟子>>一书。以上论语>>、大学>>、中庸>>、孟子>>古称“四书”，是儒学经典著作。由此可见孔伋是儒家思想学派承上启下的关键人物。 历史进入到当代，孔子和他创立的儒家思想学说并未与时俱去。长期以来，特别是改革开放以来，国内的孔子研究空前活跃，国际上也出现了一股“儒学研究热”，以探讨和重新评价孔子和儒学的当代社会价值。由此我们相信，它必定推动曲阜旅游事业的进一步发展，带来空前的繁荣。 “三孔”的游览就到这里，我再把其他一些主要景点和其它方面简要的介绍一下。 曲阜的景点很多，多与孔子有关，可以更加增添您的感性认识，更多地了解孔子和孔子文化。孔子六艺城座落在曲阜城南，是最近兴建的一座大型旅游景观，占地200亩，投资5000余万元，它以孔子礼、乐、射、御、书、数为主线，让您在参与中、在娱乐中领会孔子思想的博大精深，在这里面您可以欣赏到尽善尽美的古乐舞，看到全国最大的青铜塑像，看到全世界最大的一部论语，可以乘坐古牛车游列国，是曲阜继“三孔”以后的又一重要旅游景点。“论语碑苑”是反映孔子<<论语>>内容的园林建筑，山水亭榭，曲径通幽，品味很高;尼山孔庙，在曲阜城东南25公里，是孔子的出生地，山清水秀，古迹众多;颜庙，是祭祀孔子弟子颜子的大型古建筑群，出孔府后门再往东30米即到;出颜庙再向东一里路，即到了纪念周公的大型古建筑周公庙，那里有众多的古树和鲁国故城遗址;出曲阜城向东6里，就是轩辕黄帝的出生地寿丘，在那里您可以看到为纪念黄帝而立的全世界最大的巨碑“宣和碑”“庆寿碑”，可以看到中国金字塔式的陵墓“少昊陵”;您如果要了解古代鲁国的风俗人情，可以参观一下鲁国盛世华夏文化城。在曲城北的石门山，是国家级森林公园，林木茂盛，景点众多，也是孔尚任隐居写<<桃花扇>>，以及唐代大诗人李白、杜甫生平最后一次宴别之处。在曲阜城南20公里，就是孟子的家乡，有其规模比三孔稍小些的孟庙、孟府、孟林、孟母林、有岱南奇观峄山。向北60公里，就是五岳之首，被称为中华之魂的泰山，向西90公里，就可以看到水泊梁山的遗址和风光。 曲阜交通便利，104、327两条国道从曲阜城交叉通过，曲阜距济南国际机场150公里，距济宁机场60公里，距兖州火车站15公里。 各位朋友如需购物，有不少有特色的旅游产品供大家挑选，著名的孔府家酒、孔府香油、孔府黑芝麻板、孔子拓片、尼山砚、儒家经典著作等都很有纪念意义。 曲阜拥有一批星级宾馆给各位提供良好的服务和食宿条件，三星级的阙里宾舍座落在孔庙、孔府一侧，环境优雅，功能齐全;杏坛宾馆是二星级饭店，座落在六艺城附近，富丽堂皇;贵宾楼也是二星级饭店，与曲阜汽车站仅一路之隔;座落在市中心的三孔大酒店、孔府饭店、曲阜大酒店，也都有较好的硬件设施和上乘的服务，各宾馆都有富有特色的孔府菜供您享用。 曲阜是信义之乡，礼仪之邦，浓郁的风土人情，热情好客的人民，古朴的小城风貌都会使您留恋忘返。 |
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