| 标题 | 洛阳牡丹导游词范文 |
| 范文 | 洛阳牡丹导游词范文（精选3篇） 洛阳牡丹导游词范文 篇1牡丹是我国著名的传统花卉，原为野生植物，与荆棘无异，主要产于我国的青藏高原、黄河流域、巴山秦岭、山西的中条山、河南的伏牛山和邙山等地区，原始牡丹群落可追溯到3000多年前。 牡丹在洛阳栽培，据史料记载：始于隋而盛于唐。'名甲天下'于北宋时期《隋志·素问》中有'清明次五日，牡丹华'的记载。自隋以来，牡丹在民间栽培的基础上，开始进入皇家园林，成为宫廷的宠物。公元604年隋炀帝建都洛阳，辟西苑周200里，多种牡丹成为中国历史上第一个皇家牡丹园。及至唐宋，洛阳一直处于国都、陪都地位，栽培、观赏牡丹之风日盛。唐代诗人白居易的'花开花落二十日，一城之人皆若狂'即是当时状况的真实写照。皇家宫苑，寺观园林，私家花园鳞次栉比，宋代理学家邵雍写有'人间佳节唯寒食，天下名园重洛阳'之名句，可想当时洛阳园林之盛，花卉之壮观。每至春暖花开时'帝城春欲暮，喧喧车马度，共道牡丹时，相随买花去。'成为京城洛阳的亮丽景观。诗人刘禹锡的'惟有牡丹真国色，花开时节动京城'以及宋代文人司马光的'洛阳春日最繁华，红绿丛中十万家，谁道群花如锦绣，人将锦绣学群花。'均描绘出唐、宋时期洛阳人们赏花的狂热程度。 中国的著名花卉数百种，各显其长，入伍群芳，但惟有牡丹品位极高。它花朵硕大，品种繁多，姿色万千，冠压群芳。'观古今花谱，佳丽360多种，无一可与牡丹伦比。因此，被誉为'花中之王'。而洛阳地处中原，气候温和，雨量适中，适于牡丹生长发育。宋代文学家欧阳修在洛阳做官时，他饱览了洛阳名胜古迹，对洛阳牡丹情有独钟，著有《洛阳牡丹记》。他的'洛阳地脉花最宜，牡丹尤为天下奇'的诗句道出了洛阳牡丹生长得天独厚的自然条件。 据说，很早以前，邙山上的野生牡丹人们不以为贵，常割其为柴，有个青年十分怜惜，将其移植院内，精心护养。在一一方手帕，上面绣有大朵的牡丹。这个青年纳闷，正要相问少女忽然不见了。展开绣帕，但见上面题有一首诗：'芳名洛阳花，邙岭为我家。感君情意重，来春见奇葩。'到了第二年春，这位青年家中的牡丹花困果然丰硕艳丽，婀娜含情，从此他便以种植牡丹为生，家境日见丰裕。看来，传说中的这位后生该是洛阳最早的'牡丹种植专家'啦。 自唐代以来千余年间，洛阳出了不少栽培牡丹的能工巧匠。《龙城录》中记载：'洛人宋单父，字仲孺，能诗，善种植之术。凡牡丹变易千种，红白斗色，人不能知其术，上皇（唐玄宗）召至骊山植万本，色各别，赐千金归，宫人呼为花师。'历代文人学士吟咏洛阳牡丹流香吐馥、旷代绝姿的诗句美不胜收。唐人王亦真写洛阳牡丹：'牡丹妖艳乱人心，一国如狂不惜金。'大诗人白居易在《买花》一诗中写道：'一丛深色花，十户中人赋'、'家家习为俗，人人迷于悟'，此诗道出了洛阳牡丹的珍贵及人们对牡丹的挚爱。 据说唐太和年间，暮春之日，唐文宗李昂在内殿赏牡丹花，问画家程修己：'今京邑传唱牡丹诗，谁为首？'程答：'中书舍人李正封云：国色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣。'李昂听罢赞不绝口，便称洛阳牡丹'国色天香'，于是牡丹便有'国色天香'之誉。 千余年间，洛阳牡丹佳品迭出，千姿百态，艳丽迷人。欧阳修的'客言近岁花特异，往往变出呈新枝'道出了真谛。历史上最盛时牡丹品种可达119个。现在已达500多个品种，概括地说，可分为'三类、九色、十型'。三类，即单头类、重头类和混合类。这个是按当年每枝上的花朵数分类，一朵的为单头花、二朵的为双头花、三朵为三头牡丹。九色是指红、粉、紫、蓝、黄、白、绿等花色，这是按牡丹的颜色分类。十型主要根据洛阳牡丹花瓣的多少、大小、排列方式及花朵的形态特征分类。19世纪，英国进化论学者达尔文在他的巨著《物种起源》里曾援引洛阳牡丹的生态变异，作为他《进化论》学说的佐证。宋时，洛阳姚姓人家的姚黄和后周宰相魏仁博家培育的魏紫分别被称为花王、花后。'姚黄一枝开，众艳气如削'。元丰年间，洛阳进献宋神宗姚黄一朵，花大一尺二寸，神宗兴奋不已，竞不顾他那君临天下的身份，把花插到头上，可见，皇帝对牡丹的痴迷程度，并从此传为佳话。 唐宋以来，不少文人骚客不惜洋洋洒洒为牡丹作诗撰文，形成洋洋大观的.牡丹文化，并演绎出众多有关牡丹的神话传说、软闻趣事。 传说，天授二年腊月初一，西京长安大雪纷飞，武则天饮酒作诗，乘兴醉笔写下沼书：'明朝游上苑，火速报春知，花须连夜发，莫待晓风吹。'百花慑于此命，连夜开放，独牡丹不违时令，闭蕊不开。武则天盛怒之下，将牡丹贬出长安，发配洛阳，并施以火刑。牡丹遭此劫难，体如焦炭;却根枝不散，在严寒凛冽中挺立依然，来年春风劲吹之时，花开更艳，被誉为'焦骨牡丹'。 对牡丹的另一传说，则是唐明皇李隆基偕杨玉环夜游长安宫沉香亭，这位'后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身'的贵 妃，闻听洛阳牡丹已盛开，而禁苑中的木芍药尚含苞末绽，遂使宫人击鼓催之，花仍不开，她一怒之下，将牡丹全部贬到洛阳。可牡丹到了东京洛阳，刹那间，百花枝头灿烂辉煌，一齐绽放。其实，以科学态度观之，西安虽和洛阳在同一纬度线上，但温、湿度较洛阳均稍低，洛阳则西隔崇山峻岭，又在邙山之阳，较长安春早之故。为此，一代诗仙李白有《清平调》词'名花倾国两相欢，常得君王带笑看，解释东风无限恨，沉香亭北倚栏杆'之句讥讽杨玉环，由是贵妃衔恨，贬抑一代诗仙李太白，终生郁郁不得其志。 这些传说显示出牡丹不畏淫威、坚贞不屈的风格，也正是中华民族铮铮铁骨和浩然正气的写照。 自从洛阳牡丹享誉国内外之后，前来求购的络绎不绝，隋、唐两代中日 交往频繁、洛阳牡丹传至日本，被日本人民奉若至宝。我国的邻邦朝鲜、韩国也广为栽培，随后，美洲、欧洲不少国家也相继引种，把洛阳牡丹称为'中国花'或'天都神花'。北宋末年，中原兵陷，洛阳宫苑毁于一旦，牡丹的栽培、繁殖也随之衰微，移至南宋京城杭州。明亮靖年间毫州、曹州人自洛移植牡丹，成为新的牡丹胜地。四川天彭、江苏盐城均有洛阳牡丹名品栽种，自此，洛阳牡丹遍及神州。 新中国成立后，由于历尽沧桑，洛阳牡丹只剩下30多个品种。1959年秋，周思来总理视察洛阳拖拉机厂，专门询问洛阳牡丹的情况。周总理的关心引起了洛阳市政府的高度重视，迅速恢复扩大种植面积，相继在王城公园、牡丹公园;西苑、南关花园，开辟了牡丹观赏区，并在邮山新建国色牡丹园，洛浦公园形成了十公里牡丹长廊，并建起千亩牡丹基因库;洛阳市人大常委会把牡丹定为市花，于1983年开始举办一年一度的牡丹花会。从此，处处牡丹，户户天香，牡丹品种发展到500多个。每年花会，姚黄、魏紫、青龙卧墨池、贵妃醉酒等牡丹名品，各呈娇态，看花人摩肩接踵，如痴、如醉、如梦、如幻。洛阳王城公园曾创下一天接待游客近30万人次的记录。花盛期，城内居民蜂拥往观，万人空巷。正是：'看花看到牡丹月，万事全忘自不知。' 与牡丹花会相映成趣的是洛阳牡丹灯会。洛阳灯会，姑于隋、唐，1000多年来，已成为人们喜庆节日的一大习俗。近年来，洛阳花灯声誉鹊起，成为我国三大灯会之一。昼赏牡丹夜观灯，把一年一度的牡丹花会推向高潮。每年牡丹灯会，千道流霞染醉漫天星斗，万家灯火摇醒沉寂夜空。彩灯如诗如。画流光溢彩，令你辨不清是置身仙境还是人间。更值得一提的是，1994年初冬，全国竞选'国花'领导小组通过新闻界披露候选国花方案是：一国一花——牡丹。此时，一场早镕的大雪使九朝古都披上银装，而洛阳耐火研究院花圃一株牡丹却适时傲雪怒放，人们奔走相告，无不先睹为快。新华社等数十家新闻单位争相报道，惊呼'国花评选传佳音，牡丹应知雪中笑'的百年奇观。 近年来，洛阳牡丹不仅走出了国门，而且还远销到日本、美国、法国、新加坡等国家和港、澳、台地区，结束了牡丹'能看不能买'的历史。牡丹的科研工作也取得了一系列成果，各项技术都有新的突破，基本上达到了'花开花落随人意，春来秋去不相关'，为进一步开发洛阳牡丹奠定了基础。 宋人李格非曾记述：'天下之治乱，侯于洛阳之兴衰，洛阳之兴衰，侯于园圃之兴废。'时序更替，沧海桑田，无不向人们昭示着一个哲理：国兴则花荣。今天，我国正焕发出勃勃生机，牡丹犹如东方之彩霞，装扮着中华大地的锦绣河山。牡丹，这个千古花魂，诉说着我们中华民族图强思变的史诗。牡丹为洛阳着装，洛阳为牡丹扬名。牡丹与古都荣辱与共。花开歌盛世，花谢孕生机;牡丹是洛阳冲出国门、走向世界的纽带与桥梁，牡丹，是古都的美学徽章，它将伴随洛阳前进的步伐，迈向新的辉煌。 洛阳牡丹导游词范文 篇2Originally the peony is China's famous traditional flowers, wild plants, and thorns, mainly from the qinghai-tibet plateau in China, the Yellow River basin, bashan qinling of zhongtiao mountains, shanxi, henan, funiu and MangShan and other regions, the original peony community can be traced back to 3000 years ago. In luoyang peony cultivation, according to historical records: began in sui and sheng in the tang dynasty. "Name of guilin" in northern song dynasty period "SuiZhi · plain question" in a "qingming festival times 5, peony China". Since sui, peony on the basis of folk culture, begin to enter the royal garden, become a pet palace. In 604 AD, emperor yangdi capital luoyang company, monarch xiyuan weeks in 200, a variety of royal peony peony became the first in the history of Chinese. When tang and song dynasty, luoyang has been in the capital, capital position, cultivation, ornamental peony FengRi sheng. The tang dynasty poet bai juyi's "flower bloom 20, if people are crazy" of a city is true portraiture of the situation at that time. Royal today, temples garden, private garden, with the song dynasty neo-confucianism shao yung has written "festival only two world, the world famous heavy luoyang" of a sentence, can want to at that time, the luoyang garden house, the flower of the spectacular. Each to bloom "emperor city spring sunset, cry cry chariots and horses, a total of the peony, hand to buy flowers." Become a beautiful landscape city of luoyang. Poet liu yuxi "but the peony true national color, the blossoms to move the capital" and the song dynasty scholar sima guang "luoyang spring the most prosperous, red and green among 10 m, who is the flower, like the splendid, people will be splendid study group spent." All paint luoyang people eat during tang and song dynasties frenzy. All is China's famous hundreds of flowers, long, enlisted qunfang, but only the peony high grade. It flowers gigantic, wide variety, the myriad of feminine beauty, crown recalled. Concept of "ancient and modern florilegium, more than 360 kinds of beauties, none but with peony comparison. Therefore, known as" the king of flowers ". And the luoyang is located in the central plains, mild climate, rainfall is moderate, suitable for the growth of peony. The song dynasty writer ouyang xiu in luoyang high rank, he enjoyed the luoyang places of interest, have a special liking to the luoyang peony, author of "luoyang peony". His "luoyang ley spent the most appropriate, particularly heaven" peony verse says the luoyang peony growing advantageous natural conditions. It is said that long time ago, wild peony on MangShan people not expensive, often cut the wood, a young very pity, transplanting it hospital, elaborate care. In a handkerchief, embroidered peony flowers. The young man wondered, was about to ask girls suddenly disappeared. XiuPa, but see a top have a poem: "name of luoyang, Mang range for my home. Are you feeling heavy, spring to see the wonderful work." In the second year spring, the youth was certainly rich gorgeous peony trapped in the home, graceful, from then on he would make a living by planting peony, family became more and more abundant. Point of view, the legendary the epigenetic the luoyang is the earliest "peony growing expert". Since the tang dynasty, thousands of years, made a number of cultivation of luoyang peony skillful craftsman. Liuzhou, record the recorded: "song single parent, word ZhongRu, poetry, good plant. All peony one thousand kinds, red and white color, people do not know its operation,'d called to mount li (li) plant ten thousand copies, individual color, give daughter, imperial secretary call division for flowers." All previous dynasties scholars intone the luoyang peony flow spit relapsed, KuangDai unique appearance of verse. Tang wang also really write the luoyang peony, "peony enchanting disorderly, a country such as crazy do." Great poet bai juyi wrote in a poem "flowers", "ten households in a clump of dark flower, fu", "fan of every acquisition for customs, all in one", the poem says the luoyang peony's precious and people's love of the peony. It is said that tang tai years, spring, on the day of li han Leon, the temple to watch the peony, asked the painter Cheng Xiu f: "sung today Beijing city peony poems, who headed?" Cheng answer: "in the book scheeren lee cloud: freed national color to the wine, day sweet night dyed garments." Leon listen to praise, he said the luoyang peony "amusement", so the peony has the reputation of "amusement". Thousands of years, luoyang peony beautiful, various, gorgeous and charming. Ouyang xiu's "guest said recent years old take specific, often conjure up a hydraulic-powered tree-trimmers" speaks the truth. In the history of sheng peony varieties of up to 119 a. Now has more than 500 varieties, in a nutshell, can be divided into three, nine, ten. Three categories, namely, single head, start and mixed type. This is according to the classification in the number of flowers, flower for single headdress flower, flower for double flowers, three for three peony flowers. Nine color is red, pink, purple, blue, yellow, white, green design and color, such as this are classified according to the color of the peony. Ten type mainly based on what the luoyang peony petals, size, flower arrangement and the morphological characteristics of classification. In the 19th century, British scholar evolution Darwin in his masterpiece "on the origin of species" quoted ecological variation of luoyang peony, as proof of his theory of "evolution". The song dynasty, luoyang yao yao people's yellow and developing the erros of prime minister Wei Renbo home Wei Zi known as kao, flower after respectively. "Yao yellow one, and the brilliant breath is like cutting". Candidates.if your years, luoyang has pressed the song god yao yellow flower, flower large feet 2 inches, he excited, regardless of the reigns of his identity, and placed it over his head, visible, the emperor's obsession in the peony, and from then on famously. Since the tang and song dynasty, many bookman at a magnificently for peony poem writing, form a plethora of peony culture, and deduces many myths and legends about peony, soft smell things. Legend, lunar month two years should, xiking changan heavy snow, wu zetian drinking poetry, on an impulse drunk pen write fen book: "swim Ming dynasty garden, rushing harbinger, stamen overnight, mo monring winds to blow." Flowers not this life, open overnight, peony not violations in season alone, shut the core. Wu zetian rage, peony fall out of changan, sent in luoyang, and to the stake. Peony has been the rule, the body such as coke; But branch do not come loose, standing still in the freezing cold, next year when the spring breeze blow, more brilliant flowers, known as "focal bone peony". Another legend of peony, it is tang clear huang lung-chi lee kai jade bracelet ChenXiangTing vigil changan palace, the "harem of three thousand people, three thousand pet in a" your princess, hearing the luoyang peony has been in full bloom, and the wood in the JinYuan peony is at the end of the bud, then make the imperial secretary drum rush, flowers are still does not open, she was in a rage, will all fall to luoyang peony. Luoyang peony in Tokyo, in a flash, bright flowers branches, blooming together. In fact, with scientific attitude, xi 'an and luoyang on the same latitude line, but the temperature and humidity are slightly lower than luoyang, luoyang, west across the mountains, and in the MangShan Yang, the chang an early spring. Therefore, generation by Li Baiyou "qingping tune" word "taken two phase huan pour countries, often have the Kings grinned see, explain the infinite hate, dongfeng ChenXiangTing north lean on a railing" flea in jade bracelet, is the imperial concubine bear a grudge, derogatory generation by hyperbole, lifelong grief may not be the volunteers. These legends show peony jubilant, unwavering in style, it is also the clank iron character of the Chinese nation and integrity. Since luoyang peony enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, to buy an endless stream, sui and tang dynasties frequent exchanges between China and Japan, luoyang peony spread to Japan, the Japanese people's distribution of wealth. Neighbor north Korea, South Korea is also widely cultivated in China, then, the americas, Europe, many countries have successively introduced, called the luoyang peony flower "China" or "flower days god". Soldiers in song dynasty, the central plains, luoyang today, peony cultivation, breeding and subsequently fails, moved to the southern city of hangzhou. Jing and bright state, tsaochow people since the law transplant peony, become the new peony resort. Sichuan day peng are luoyang peony famous plant, jiangsu yancheng, since then, luoyang peony throughout China. After the founding of new China, due to the experienced the vicissitudes of life, luoyang peony only more than 30 varieties. In the autumn of 1959, prime minister Zhou Si to luoyang tractor factory, and specifically about the situation of the luoyang peony. Premier zhou's concern caused the luoyang city government attaches great importance to, quickly return to expand acreage, one after another in the city park, the peony park; Xiyuan, can garden, open up the peony viewing area, and the new mail mountain national color peony, los pu park formed ten kilometers peony promenade, and built one thousand mu of peony gene pool; The peony as the city flower of luoyang NPC standing committee and was started in 1983 the annual peony show. From then on, the peony everywhere, every family, every day, to more than 500 peony varieties development. Yellow flowers every year, yao, Wei Zi, tsing lung lie the inkwell, drunken beauty peony famous brand, such as the charming attitude, see the flower heads, such as chi, like drunk, like a dream, like magic. Luoyang city park has set a record of every nearly 300000 people a day. Flower stage, residents rushed to view the city, town. Is: "watching flowers peony, everything all forget since I don't know." With the peony show set each other off becomes an interest is luoyang peony Lantern Festival. Luoyang colored, gu sui, tang, more than 1000 years, has become a big people festival festival custom. In recent years, luoyang lanterns excellent reputation, become one of the three big Lantern Festival in China. Day to watch the peony night view of light, the annual peony show to a climax. Peony Lantern Festival every year, thousands of dye flow xia tao drunk all over the sky stars, wanjiadenghuo shook silent night sky. Such as lights, such as poetry. Painting colorful, make you don't know is oneself or human fairyland. More it is worth mentioning, winter 1994, national campaign "national flower" leadership team through the press candidates spent solution is: a country - the peony flower. At this point, an early nine dynasties rong snow clothe with silver, and luoyang refractory research institute a peony flower bed is a proud timely snow in full bloom, people sell, all without exception. Xinhua news agency and other dozens of news media scramble to report, exclaim, "national flower spread good news, the peony should know the snow laugh" wonders in one hundred. In recent years, luoyang peony not only out of the country, but also sold to Japan, the United States, France, Singapore and other countries and Hong Kong, Macao and Chinese Taiwan regions, the end of the peony "can see can't buy" history. Peony have also made a series of scientific research achievements, the technology has the new breakthrough, basically achieved the "flowers bloom as well, spring to autumn to irrelevant", which laid a foundation for further development of luoyang peony. Poets in lee ge fei has: "the world of governing revolution, hou to rise and fall of luoyang, rise and fall of luoyang, hou xing in garden waste." Temporal change, things change, all without exception shows people with a philosophy: goodsky flower glory. Today, our country is coruscate gives new vitality, the peony like rosy clouds in the east, adorn the expeditions of the earth. Peony, this eternal soul, telling us hard to think of the Chinese nation as an epic. Luoyang, luoyang peony to dress for the peony. The peony and the ancient capital of blame. Song times flowers, flower pregnant vitality; Luoyang peony is out of the country, go to the world of tie and bridge, peony, is the ancient capital of aesthetic badge, it will accompany the onward march of luoyang, towards a new brilliance. 洛阳牡丹导游词范文 篇3牡丹花是我国著名的传统花卉，原为野生植物，与荆棘无异，主要产于我国的青藏高原、黄河流域、巴山秦岭、山西的中条山、河南的伏牛山和邙山等地区，原始牡丹花群落可追溯到3000多年前。 牡丹花在洛阳栽培，据史料记载：始于隋而盛于唐。"名甲天下"于北宋时期《隋志·素问》中有"清明次五日，牡丹花华"的记载。自隋以来，牡丹花在民间栽培的基础上，开始进入皇家园林，成为宫廷的宠物。公元604年隋场帝建都洛阳，辟西苑周200里，多种牡丹花成为中国历史上第一个皇家牡丹花园。及至唐宋，洛阳一直处于国都、陪都地位，栽培、观赏牡丹花之风日盛。唐代诗人白居易的"花开花落二十日，一城之人皆若狂"即是当时状况的真实写照。皇家宫苑，寺观园林，私家花园鳞次栉比，宋代理学家邵雍写有"人间佳节唯寒食，天下名园重洛阳"之名句，可想当时洛阳园林之盛，花卉之壮观。每至春暖花开时"帝城春欲暮，喧喧车马度，共道牡丹花时，相随买花去。"成为京城洛阳的亮丽景观。诗人刘禹锡的"惟有牡丹花真国色，花开时节动京城"以及宋代文人司马光的"洛阳春日最繁华，红绿丛中十万家，谁道群花如锦绣，人将锦绣学群花。"均描绘出唐、宋时期洛阳人们赏花的狂热程度。 中国的著名花卉数百种，各显其长，入伍群芳，但惟有牡丹花品位极高。它花朵硕大，品种繁多，姿色万千，冠压群芳。"观古今花谱，佳丽360多种，无一可与牡丹花伦比。因此，被誉为"花中之王"。而洛阳地处中原，气候温和，雨量适中，适于牡丹花生长发育。宋代文学家欧阳修在洛阳做官时，他饱览了洛阳名胜古迹，对洛阳牡丹花情有独钟，著有《洛阳牡丹花记》。他的"洛阳地脉花最宜，牡丹花尤为天下奇"的诗句道出了洛阳牡丹花生长得天独厚的自然条件。 据说，很早以前，邙山上的野生牡丹花人们不以为贵，常割其为柴，有个青年十分怜惜，将其移植院内，精心护养。在一一方手帕，上面绣有大朵的牡丹花。这个青年纳闷，正要相问少女忽然不见了。展开绣帕，但见上面题有一首诗："芳名洛阳花，邙岭为我家。感君情意重，来春见奇葩。"到了第二年春，这位青年家中的牡丹花花困果然丰硕艳丽，婀娜含情，从此他便以种植牡丹花为生，家境日见丰裕。看来，传说中的这位后生该是洛阳最早的"牡丹花种植专家"啦。 自唐代以来千余年间，洛阳出了不少栽培牡丹花的能工巧匠。《龙城录》中记载："洛人宋单父，字仲孺，能诗，善种植之术。凡牡丹花变易千种，红白斗色，人不能知其术，上皇(唐玄宗)召至骊山植万本，色各别，赐千金归，宫人呼为花师。"历代文人学士吟咏洛阳牡丹花流香吐馥、旷代绝姿的诗句美不胜收。唐人王亦真写洛阳牡丹花："牡丹花妖艳乱人心，一国如狂不惜金。"大诗人白居易在《买花》一诗中写道："一丛深色花，十户中人赋"、"家家习为俗，人人迷于悟"，此诗道出了洛阳牡丹花的.珍贵及人们对牡丹花的挚爱。 据说唐太和年间，暮春之日，唐文宗李昂在内殿赏牡丹花花，问画家程修己："今京邑传唱牡丹花诗，谁为首?"程答："中书舍人李正封云：国色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣。"李昂听罢赞不绝口，便称洛阳牡丹花"国色天香"，于是牡丹花便有"国色天香"之誉。 千余年间，洛阳牡丹花佳品迭出，千姿百态，艳丽迷人。欧阳修的"客言近岁花特异，往往变出呈新枝"道出了真谛。历史上最盛时牡丹花品种可达119个。现在已达500多个品种，概括地说，可分为"三类、九色、十型"。三类，即单头类、重头类和混合类。这个是按当年每枝上的花朵数分类，一朵的为单头花、二朵的为双头花、三朵为三头牡丹花。九色是指红、粉、紫、蓝、黄、白、绿等花色，这是按牡丹花的颜色分类。十型主要根据洛阳牡丹花花瓣的多少、大小、排列方式及花朵的形态特征分类。19世纪，英国进化论学者达尔文在他的巨著《物种起源》里曾援引洛阳牡丹花的生态变异，作为他《进化论》学说的佐证。宋时，洛阳姚姓人家的姚黄和后周宰相魏仁博家培育的魏紫分别被称为花王、花后。"姚黄一枝开，众艳气如削"。元丰年间，洛阳进献宋神宗姚黄一朵，花大一尺二寸，神宗兴奋不已，竞不顾他那君临天下的身份，把花插到头上，可见，皇帝对牡丹花的痴迷程度，并从此传为佳话。 唐宋以来，不少文人骚客不惜洋洋洒洒为牡丹花作诗撰文，形成洋洋大观的牡丹花文化，并演绎出众多有关牡丹花的神话传说、软闻趣事。 传说，天授二年腊月初一，西京长安大雪纷飞，武则天饮酒作诗，乘兴醉笔写下沼书："明朝游上苑，火速报春知，花须连夜发，莫待晓风吹。"百花慑于此命，连夜开放，独牡丹花不违时令，闭蕊不开。武则天盛怒之下，将牡丹花贬出长安，发配洛阳，并施以火刑。牡丹花遭此劫难，体如焦炭；却根枝不散，在严寒凛冽中挺立依然，来年春风劲吹之时，花开更艳，被誉为"焦骨牡丹花"。 对牡丹花的另一传说，则是唐明皇李隆基偕杨玉环夜游长安宫沉香亭，这位"后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身"的贵妃，闻听洛阳牡丹花已盛开，而禁苑中的木芍药尚含苞末绽，遂使宫人击鼓催之，花仍不开，她一怒之下，将牡丹花全部贬到洛阳。可牡丹花到了东京洛阳，刹那间，百花枝头灿烂辉煌，一齐绽放。其实，以科学态度观之，西安虽和洛阳在同一纬度线上，但温、湿度较洛阳均稍低，洛阳则西隔崇山峻岭，又在邙山之阳，较长安春早之故。为此，一代诗仙李白有《清平调》词"名花倾国两相欢，常得君王带笑看，解释东风无限恨，沉香亭北倚栏杆"之句讥讽杨玉环，由是贵妃衔恨，贬抑一代诗仙李太白，终生郁郁不得其志。 这些传说显示出牡丹花不畏淫威、坚贞不屈的风格，也正是中华民族铮铮铁骨和浩然正气的写照。 自从洛阳牡丹花享誉国内外之后，前来求购的络绎不绝，隋、唐两代中日交往频繁、洛阳牡丹花传至日本，被日本人民奉若至宝。我国的邻邦朝鲜、韩国也广为栽培，随后，美洲、欧洲不少国家也相继引种，把洛阳牡丹花称为"中国花"或"天都神花"。北宋末年，中原兵陷，洛阳宫苑毁于一旦，牡丹花的栽培、繁殖也随之衰微，移至南宋京城杭州。明亮靖年间毫州、曹州人自洛移植牡丹花，成为新的牡丹花胜地。四川天彭、江苏盐城均有洛阳牡丹花名品栽种，自此，洛阳牡丹花遍及神州。 新中国成立后，由于历尽沧桑，洛阳牡丹花只剩下30多个品种。1959年秋，周思来总理视察洛阳拖拉机厂，专门询问洛阳牡丹花的情况。周总理的关心引起了洛阳市政府的高度重视，迅速恢复扩大种植面积，相继在王城公园、牡丹花公园；西苑、南关花园，开辟了牡丹花观赏区，并在邮山新建国色牡丹花园，洛浦公园形成了十公里牡丹花长廊，并建起千亩牡丹花基因库；洛阳市人大常委会把牡丹花定为市花，于1983年开始举办一年一度的牡丹花花会。从此，处处牡丹花，户户天香，牡丹花品种发展到500多个。每年花会，姚黄、魏紫、青龙卧墨池、贵妃醉酒等牡丹花名品，各呈娇态，看花人摩肩接踵，如痴、如醉、如梦、如幻。洛阳王城公园曾创下一天接待游客近30万人次的记录。花盛期，城内居民蜂拥往观，万人空巷。正是："看花看到牡丹花月，万事全忘自不知。" 与牡丹花花会相映成趣的是洛阳牡丹花灯会。洛阳灯会，姑于隋、唐，1000多年来，已成为人们喜庆节日的一大习俗。近年来，洛阳花灯声誉鹊起，成为我国三大灯会之一。昼赏牡丹花夜观灯，把一年一度的牡丹花花会推向高潮。每年牡丹花灯会，千道流霞染醉漫天星斗，万家灯火摇醒沉寂夜空。彩灯如诗如。画流光溢彩，令你辨不清是置身仙境还是人间。更值得一提的是，1994年初冬，全国竞选"国花"领导小组通过新闻界披露候选国花方案是：一国一花--牡丹花。此时，一场早镕的大雪使九朝古都披上银装，而洛阳耐火研究院花圃一株牡丹花却适时傲雪怒放，人们奔走相告，无不先睹为快。新华社等数十家新闻单位争相报道，惊呼"国花评选传佳音，牡丹花应知雪中笑"的百年奇观。 近年来，洛阳牡丹花不仅走出了国门，而且还远销到日本、美国、法国、新加坡等国家和港、澳、台地区，结束了牡丹花"能看不能买"的历史。牡丹花的科研工作也取得了一系列成果，各项技术都有新的突破，基本上达到了"花开花落随人意，春来秋去不相关"，为进一步开发洛阳牡丹花奠定了基础。 宋朝李格非曾记述："天下之治乱，侯于洛阳之兴衰，洛阳之兴衰，侯于园圃之兴废。"时序更替，沧海桑田，无不向人们昭示着一个哲理：国兴则花荣。今天，我国正焕发出勃勃生机，牡丹花犹如东方之彩霞，装扮着中华大地的锦绣河山。牡丹花，这个千古花魂，诉说着我们中华民族图强思变的史诗。牡丹花为洛阳着装，洛阳为牡丹花扬名。牡丹花与古都荣辱与共。花开歌盛世，花谢孕生机；牡丹花是洛阳冲出国门、走向世界的纽带与桥梁，牡丹花，是古都的美学徽章，它将伴随洛阳前进的步伐，迈向新的辉煌。 |
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